Among the most prominent solutions are seawater desalination (SWRO) and brackish water desalination (BWRO)—both of which rely on reverse osmosis technology but differ substantially in system design, pressure requirements, pretreatment processes, and energy consumption. While these two approaches are often grouped under the umbrella of RO-based purification, selecting the wrong system can result in inefficiency, premature membrane fouling, or excessive operational costs. This

Design Guidelines and Operation Manual for Clino-X Sand Mediahis manual outlines both the design principles and the operational procedures for applying Clino-X sand media in water treatment.